It typically grows to 15-25’ tall. Affected leaves, flowers and shoots are covered with a white powdery growth that occurs mostly during spring or fall when nights are. This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds. L10725 - Dynamite™ Crape Myrtle. Explore. , Greenwood, SC): New! Crapemyrtle for Pots. Allow your crape myrtle to branch and spread naturally. Crepe myrtles need little overwintering care. Fuchsia d’Été Crape Myrtle. Spread 2 to 4 inches (7. Do not allow the mulch to touch the trunk as these increases the chances of pests and disease. Root rots can be prevented by growing plants in well-drained soil. Powdery mildew is a disease which is common on many ornamental trees and shrubs, including crape myrtles. First of all, pruning crapemyrtles is optional; if the plant is in the correct place and can grow to its mature size, let it grow! If you need to prune your crapemyrtle tree or shrub, thinning branches to limb up the crapemyrtle is the correct method. 55, Geo. Crepe myrtle varieties Australia. That means the plants must produce flowers and seeds to. Let your crape myrtle go au natural! The Natural Look is the easiest because there is little to no pruning involved. Pole pruners or a pruning saw which you can use to cut branches more than 1½ inches thick. 5 m) broad. [photo from Christiana via Dave’s Garden] The Nuttall Oak. Crape myrtles prefer a balanced fertilizer with a 1:1:1 ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This broad variety sends out bold flowers of dark rose pink with dark red overtones, covering the branches from early summer through to early fall. How to prune a Crepe Myrtle requires removing pencil limbs, suckers, and rubbing branches. Tucson, Arizona. Originally from East Asia, crape myrtles have become much more widely planted in recent decades thanks to the development of varieties that are hardier and more disease-resistant. Special Red. All plants are shipped well rooted, in soil-filled pots, and never "bare root. How to Keep Your Tree Healthy in the Future. 15-20' H x 10-15' W. Lagerstroemia. Crape myrtles are available in a range of sizes – from 10 to 12 feet to 25 to 30 feet tall. p. Follow These Steps to Graft a Crape Myrtle: Select a healthy-looking stem at least 1” in diameter. Scientific name: Lagerstroemia x 'Apalachee'. S. Note: Scroll right to view continuation of table. Mature trees reach an average height of 8’-15’ and a spread of 6’- 10’ depending on the prevailing growth conditions. Tucson, Arizona. tall. The pest is easy to identify, as it’s the only bark scale known to attack crape myrtles. Natchez Crepe. landscapes in regions with hot summers in the U. com or stopping by the N. This bright pink variety is an exclusive variety from Indiya Charms in France. Summer heat brings an explosion of blooms that fill the tree until—and sometimes throughout—autumn. Powdery mildew is the main disease problem of the crape myrtle. Gently incorporate the granules into the soil with a rake and then water well. Many public properties as well as medians and urban streets are lined with these plants. Moon Valley Nurseries offers mature Crape Myrtle trees that have been nurtured by our nursery professionals. The older stems and branches have flaking bark in a range of colors, from tan and beige to gray, which makes the winter stems attractive. L10725 - Dynamite™ Crape Myrtle. You need to decide what look you would like for your tree to have. Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia species) has become a dominant landscape plant in North and Central Florida and throughout the South. Learn how to grow petunia flowers in pots, hanging baskets or beds for vibrant summer color and get tips on how to care for wilting petunias. Suitable for. 16 Varieties of Dwarf Crape Myrtles for sale. Watering them twice […] Characteristics of Selected Crape Myrtle Varieties. You can prune a new Crape Myrtle to help establish the trunk shape and trim low branches to raise the canopy. Texas A&M Crape Myrtles for Texas Show More Show Less 2 of 6 Crape myrtles at the corner of Bellmeade St. The crepe myrtle bush would refer to Lagerstroemia indica in most situations, while the crepe myrtle tree would likely refer to Lagerstroemia speciosa, which is the largest species of. Young plants and new growth are usually more severely damaged than older plants, leaves, or branches. Raspberry, White, Bright pink, Plum. Crape Myrtles are resilient trees which can handle the tough weather patterns in Texas. It grows well in limited soil spaces in urban areas such as along boulevards, in parking lots, and in small pavement cutouts if provided with some irrigation until well established. The adult females are around 1/10 inch in size and have a felt-like white or gray wax covering. True red flowers. In winter, we suggest using either container crapemyrtles or B & B trees that were dug in summer, hardened off, and stored in mulch. Mulch around the base of the tree. Crape myrtles thrive in pots as long as the container is the right size. Dwarf varieties may be grown in a container. (WLBT) - A tree which is a southern favorite for its colorful summer blooms is under attack by an insect infestation. , San Antonio , Texas 78220, Phone: 210 - 648 - 1303. That means you should plant them in a location that receives at least six hours of direct light daily. Water deeply when soil is dry. Park Seed Co. Fertilize in spring with a general purpose shrub fertilizer — cottonseed meal works great — and keep it mulched to maintain consistent soil moisture and temperature. Newly planted bushes will grow 3 to 6 feet in their first year. However, this severe method of pruning results in a disproportionate tree, can shorten the life of. This may be because they are still young, but it could also be due to the particular variety. It has a very aggressive and dense root system with the potential to outcompete native species for water and nutrients. First, you need to measure the trunk diameter with a caliper. W. The official name of this eye-catching plant is Lagerstroemia. We are frequently asked to recommend the best-performing varieties according to size and color. Note that crepe myrtles may not bloom fully until their second season. The Black Diamond is hardy in Zones 7-9. This is because dormant buds become stimulated when the ends of the stems are cut, and new flowers will develop at the tips of these cut stems. A longtime favorite plant for use in many landscape styles, Crape Myrtle grows at a slow to moderate growth rate up to 15-feet high, spreading up to 8 to 12 feet. The Miss Sandra Crape Myrtle is a small tree reaching 20 feet within 10 years, with a dense, leafy crown and upright spreading growth. Spread 2 to 4 inches (7. a small tree with purple, pink, or white flowers 2. Crape myrtle blossoms may be white, pink, purple, red and shades in between. Some crape myrtle trees sprout from the base of the trunk and roots even without severe heading. 1954. Using crape myrtle aphid-resistant cultivars and insecticide sprays can reduce sooty mold. It is perfect as a specimen tree on a lawn, at the back of shrub beds, in the corners of your. $ 280. Full sun (6 or more hours per day) and adequate space to grow should be provided for crape myrtles to be their best. Let me introduce some of my favorites,. Many other cultivars of Crape-Myrtle are available: hybrid ‘Acoma’, 14 to 16 feet tall, white flowers, purple-red fall foliage, mildew resistant;Recommended Soil Types For Tuscarora Crape Myrtle Trees. Using a clean, sharp utility knife (or grafting knife ), cut the stem from the parent plant and remove all blooms and flower buds from the stem. Crape myrtles need to be heavily pruned to keep the desired tree shape, but this should not be done in the fall. It’s important to note that this growth rate is possible under ideal. ‘Splash of Pink’ produces terminal, crepe-papery inflorescences (6-12” long) of pink, white and bicolor flowers from mid-summer to early fall. 1. Planning Start by selecting a spot that will allow plenty of space for the mature plant. Hardy in USDA zones: 7 to 9. Crepe myrtle, though often listed as a shrub, is not really a shrub or low-growing tree. 95 Arapaho Crape Myrtle Tree $ 49. Best known for its low maintenance and moderate growth, this shrub will likely liven up your house (or garden) with its purple colored leaves. After image posted above. Some species demonstrate moderate growth of between 1 and 3 feet a year. Very Dwarf | Dwarf | Semi-Dwarf | Small. $312. comNative to Asia, Dynamite Crape Myrtle has dark green foliage in the spring and all summer long that changes to bright green in the fall. The bright blooms of the Black Diamond reach their productivity peak during the summer and. As soon as the leaves begin to show up in spring, start fertilizing. Within a week, the eggs hatch, and the first instars (earliest nymphal stage), typically referred to as crawlers, emerge from the eggsacs. Treeland Nursery 1208 Sharp Rd. It’s a good idea to mulch around the plant in the container for retaining moisture over longer periods of time. This tree has a semi-dwarf habit and grows in a vase shape,. L. Damage CMBS does not appear to kill healthy. Some gardeners suggest that a crepe myrtle should be pruned after flowering to encourage the plant to flower again. Their vibrant coloring is emphasized by the way the carnation-like flowers hide the yellow stamens. Crepe — also spelled “crape” — myrtle is native to China and Korea. Water periodically during dry spells. S. One of the most beautiful of summer-blooming shrubs and trees in southern landscapes is the Crape Myrtle. Crapemyrtle aphids damage crape myrtle cosmetically and are not known to vector any plant diseases. 2. Round, spreading growth habit reaching up to 15 ft. Absolutely you should feel comfortable planting a 1 gallon Natchez crape myrtle. It is perhaps the fastest-growing Crape Myrtle you can buy; but you don’t have to give up beauty for speed, because this tree is a real beauty. tall and wide. Another reason people seem to believe crape murder is a. ) Red: Petite Red Imp, Petite Red Embers Pink: Petite Pinkie, Pokemoke Lavender: Petite Orchid Purple: Petite Plum, Centennial, Velma’s Royal […] Planting. Very few insects are pests of crape myrtle. fauriei) that was begun in 1967 and completed in 1989 by the U. Growing in clusters called panicles, the frilly-petaled flowers can be shades of pink, purple, red, or white. The bark on many Crape myrtles peels in puzzle patterns to reveal smooth cinnamon or tan colors that glow during winter, especially when glistening in Portland rain. 3 ft. In fact, the crape myrtle may refuse to bloom if it doesn't get enough light. Lagerstroemia. comThe Garnet Queen Crape Myrtle belongs to the Lagerstroemia indica family and is a medium to large-sized tree that can reach up to 20-25 feet tall when grown in ideal conditions. Females lay eggs in white or gray felt-like eggsac or ovisac. Height: 11/2 ft. Plant experts say the crape myrtle, popular in yards and landscapes across the metro, is slowly dying off unless drastic measures are taken. Make sure you plant yours in a sunny spot where it is not blocked by other trees. Less is more when it comes to pruning Crape Myrtle. Number 2 encourages “knuckling” while Number 3 removes them from the. In spring they produce eggs beneath their body then die. It is critical to space them well to grow well-rounded, uniform finished plants. The detailed selective pruning of number two limits excessive wild growth while number 3 is quick and easy but could cause some wild growth. Crape Myrtlettes. 87-Quart Purple Magic Crape Myrtle Tree In Pot (With Soil) - Glossy Green Leaves, Dark Purple Flowers. A mature Crape Myrtle properly grown is a remarkable sight, sinewy limbs reaching high in a vase shape supporting lilac-like flowers that come in a rainbow of colors. So, it’s time to prune crape myrtles correctly Loppers are used for bigger branches and may be helpful when pruning your crape myrtle tree You will need a pair of good quality hand pruners to clip branches up to one-half inch in diameter. Contact by phone at 919-731-1433, e-mail master. Downy mildew can cause significant defoliation and weaken the tree. Buy from Amazon. 12-4-8 or 16-4-8. Why Fast-Growing-Trees. to 1 p. The Black Diamond Crape Myrtle variety represents the first series of true dark-leaf crape myrtles. These common molds are caused by fungi that grow on the sugary substance, called honeydew, produced by various insects that suck. As mentioned earlier, the red rocket crape myrtle relatively has a faster growth rate than dynamite crape myrtle. Step 1: Start at the bottom. Next, improper pruning, or pruning too late, can cause crape myrtles not to bloom. These crape myrtles were pretty, usually left unpruned in any way, but were very prone to powdery mildew. tall. The common crape myrtle is used as a specimen in a variety of ways including a lawn, recreational play area, and butterfly, children’s, cottage or pollinator gardens. That plant would likely be in the 2'-3' height range. The best way to avoid powdery mildew is to plant one of the cultivars bred and selected for resistance to powdery mildew. In recent years, the Indian Summer range of crepe myrtles has been released, offering a fabulous range of brilliant colours and excellent resistance to powdery mildew disease, which can effect some of the older varieties during humid summer weather. It is usually best to use only one color in each cluster. Crape myrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. ”. The rich green foliage is a perfect background, and in fall the leaves turn wonderful shades of orange, yellow and red. All summer long it is covered in big flower heads of very large flowers, of a brilliant rich purple-violet color. Ornamental Features This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds. From its gorgeous colors to flower petals that resemble crepe paper, a Red Rocket adds visual interest to your landscaping. 5 m) tall with spreading, a vase-shaped, flat-topped crown measuring 6 to 15 ft. The Tuscarora crape is not demanding when it comes to soil types. Crape myrtles need only occasional pruning, best done mid- to late November through mid-February, to obtain the desired landscape effect. This Crape myrtle is in need of pruning. a small tree with purple, pink, or white…. A 25-30 foot Crape Myrtle may need some pruning of overgrown branches or dead branches. The blooms of a crape myrtle tree are grown on new wood. Space the ring about a foot away from the base of the plant. And since Crape Myrtles are easily pruned, you can implement them as hedges, garden accents. Multi Stem. Watch. Introduction to Plant Food. indica Width: 2 ft. VICTOR (6'-10' Dark Bright Red) $39. However, it’s also one of the slowest-growing crape myrtles, only reaching heights of two to three feet per year. 7. Biloxi crepe myrtle has high mildew resistance, is drought tolerant, long bloom season, and good for growing in urban areas. Begins blooming a little later than most crepe myrtles, usually in July; selections include ‘Cherry Dazzle’ (our favorite), cherry-red blooms; ‘Diamond Dazzle,’. This plant is said to grow outdoors in the following regions: Anniston, Alabama. ft. Muskogee Crape Myrtle is a rapid-growing plant that can grow as much as 10 feet a year from an established plant. Christiana. 1 lb. Crape Myrtles in Cultivation, 1990: Rev. Crape myrtles are notorious for being one of the last plants to start growing in our landscapes, and I would not be surprised if we had some winter damage on some. Crape Myrtles are great for landscaping, ground cover, hanging. Lower limbs of. The Centennial Spirit Crape Myrtle is a small deciduous tree of fast growth, reaching 15 to 20 feet tall, with a similar spread, within 10 years. Figure 1. Plant crape myrtle in the fall or early spring. Some Crape Myrtles will tower between 30 and 40 feet, while. Lagerstroemia indica, the crape myrtle (also crepe myrtle, crêpe myrtle, or crepeflower) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Lagerstroemia of the family Lythraceae. in the River Oaks area Wednesday, July 21, 2010, in Houston. Remove crossing and inward growing branches. Absolutely you should feel comfortable planting a 1 gallon Natchez crape myrtle. Note: Scroll right to view continuation of table. Common name is in reference to the crepe-papery inflorescences and the myrtle-like ( Myrtus communis) features of the bark and foliage. The following cultivars are showing excellent or good resistance to powdery mildew: Semi-dwarf (15 feet) – Acoma (white), Caddo (pink), Hope (blush-white), Pecos (pink), and Tonto (red). Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers meant for lawns, as these will cause excessive leafy growth at the expense of flowers. Red Flowering Miss Frances Crape Myrtle In Pot (With Soil) Model # CRMMFR03G. The blooms might be a little larger but they will be fewer in. The experts at Florida’s Crape Myrtle Company say: '"Basham's Party Pink’ is the fastest-growing crepe myrtle tree we have ever seen. 95. It is a false notion to think that heavy pruning will produce more blooms. $ 121. A thick layer will help the roots hold moisture and discourage the growth of weeds, which can sap the trees nutrients. fauriei Koehne hybrids, are currently popular flowering shrubs and small trees in U. 5 being ideal, but as long as your soil isn't extremely alkaline there is no need to modify it. Bloom time can vary by 6-8 weeks depending on your. 5 ft. 1. The seven-acre park opened in June 2011 in McKinney's Craig Ranch area and includes all known species and varieties of crape myrtles in the world. Phone: 210. How to Prune Crape Myrtles in 3 StepsCrape myrtle grows best in full sun with rich, moist soil but will tolerate less hospitable positions in the landscape just as well, once it becomes established. 2 – 3 m) tall. Purple blooms and black foliage. (4. The aphids feed on the sap and excrete tiny droplets of a sugary liquid called honeydew. Information provided courtesy of Fanick's Garden Center Inc. Crape Myrtle at Sunset Pruning your Crape Myrtle. Information provided courtesy of Fanick's Garden Center Inc. Crape myrtles are excellent for use in landscaping. Melissa. Most crape myrtle trees get aphids during summer. It is not unusual for ‘Basham's Party Pink’ to grow 12 to 15 feet per year! It is a very full upright tree that grows to 30ft+ tall with a 20ft+ canopy. Over 1. Crape myrtle plants need six to eight hours of continuous sunshine to bloom properly. And dwarf or miniature crape myrtle shrubs don’t grow taller than 4 ft. It is possible to prevent crape myrtle from coming up from the roots by spraying a phenoxy herbicide product, such as Dicamba or 2,4D, on the roots. It can flourish in well-drained soil with a pH of 5. Then, fill the space to the surface and mix it thoroughly. Sun Exposure: Choose a site that provides full to mostly sun. Some susceptibility to aphids and scale. Crape Myrtles come in many sizes, so the wrong choice may bring you with anything from a 3 foot dwarf shrub to a full-sized tree. Your Crape Myrtle will still bloom and be beautiful if watered often and properly fertilized. Grows 5-8’ tall. These crape myrtles are drought tolerant, mildew resistant and low-maintenance. General Information. Intermediate Shrub Size Red-Flowered Crape Myrtles (over 12 feet tall) Crape myrtle trees grow between 15 and 25 ft. Black Diamond Crape Myrtles are dwarf sized and stay between 8-10 feet tall and 8 feet wide at full size. ) apart and cut them back to 4 inches (10 cm. Cold hardy in USDA zones 7-9. indica. The quentisential tree for the Southern garden. How to grow crepe myrtle is not an issue in most areas to which they are hardy, USDA Zones 9 down to 7 (with some special. Mulch the area to keep moisture in the soil. With $119+ in free shipping on. Characteristics of Crape Myrtle Varieties. The size and shape of the Garnet Queen Crape Myrtle make it an excellent choice for landscaping. Even with its superior drought tolerance, there's no need to. The flower buds are a wonderful crimson color, and the flowering season lasts from mid-summer until frost. Put the plant in the hole deep as the nursery container, but twice as wide. Natural Look. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Raspberry Sundae’. This is a deciduous plant that can be either a tree or a large shrub. It has often been referred to as the Flower of the South. Sep 2, 2022 christiana crape myrtledelco remy 24v alternator. A three gallon plant would probably cost between 15 to 25 dollars and be around 4'-5' tall. Christiana Crape myrtle Color: Dark red Growing Habit: Upright Height: 8 - 10 ft. Loppers to cut branches a ½ inch to 1½ inches thick. 5. Crape myrtles with heavy coverings of sooty mold may have blackened trunks and branches (Fig. Christiana – 8-10 feet tall upright vase-shaped shrub. Crepe myrtle may blossom by mid-May in zone 10, where frost is. Crape myrtle requires a warm, sheltered and sunny spot. Choose containers that are two or three times as wide as the nursery pot that your crape myrtle came in. Crape Myrtle is known for its drought-resistance and ability to flourish in hot, dry, exposed places and even in spots with only a little soil available. 2014 prices should get you finding a 1 gallon Natchez in the 7 to 12 dollar price range. The small tree does not tolerate salt, and inland soils are fine. Mix with water as directed, and apply in a band along the drip line of the plant, as a soil drench. tall x 8 ft. Southern Living. Groups. Siren Red ® – 10-12 feet tall upright branching shrub Tonto – 8-10 feet tall vase-shaped shrub. Make sure the mulch is not mounded around the base of the tree and that a gap is left around the trunk for air circulation. Apparently it was introduce from China with the import of Crape Myrtles long ago. We are the original inventors of the US Patented Miniature Crape Myrtles! We have over 55 varieties available of miniature, dwarf, medium and standard (tree) crape myrtles. Our multi-stem crapemyrtles are pruned to have 3 to 5 equal trunks. Plant type: small to medium-sized deciduous tree, often fast growing. Natchez Crape Myrtle Tree Care. ft. The following cultivars are showing excellent or good resistance to powdery mildew: Semi-dwarf (15 feet) – Acoma (white), Caddo (pink), Hope (blush-white), Pecos (pink), and Tonto (red). The deep red and black colors are perfect for. 2. Cease fertilization two months prior to the average. Crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica) are small deciduous trees or large shrubs (less than 30 feet) that have gained popularity with homeowners and landscapers. Coral Sport. It has a relatively narrow form for a Crape Myrtle, growing only 4 to 8 feet wide, so it is ideal for a smaller garden, or for mixing among other shrubs. It produces lustrous green leaves with dark red flowers for an extended flowering season from late June into August. Lagerstroemia indica, commonly known as crape myrtle, is an upright, wide-spreading, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub or small tree in the loosestrife family. (Howard Garrett) De-stress your trees. The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) is a flowering tree or shrub that is native to Asia. 8-8-8, 10-10-10, 12-4-8 or 16-4-8 balance(s) of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium would. S. What They Do: Aphid suck the plant sap out of leaves which causes two harmful effects. After planting, water to settle the soil and roots. The blooms of crape myrtle trees are particularly attractive to honeybees, bumblebees, and a variety of native bee species. Overwintering. What They Are: Crape myrtle aphids are a soft bodied insect that is pale yellowish-green in color with black spots on the abdomen. Note: Scroll right to view continuation of table. Growers created new selections of dwarf and semi-dwarf types that bloomed well, resisted disease , and were hardy. Black Diamond Crapemyrtles. Fertilizers including 8-8-8, 10-10-10, 12-4-8 or 16-4-8 will work fine and are ideal for. twigs of crape myrtle. It has a handsome trunk, with pale gray bark that sheds in strips, revealing creamy tan bark underneath, creating fascinating mottled. Natural Look. Crape myrtles spread via seeds rather than rhizomes or stolons. . The Natchez crape myrtle trees are reasonably heat and drought-tolerant. Remove those that are thinner in width than a pencil. It’s so lovely to have these gorgeous blooms mid summer when everything else is about to wilt in this heat. The blooms of the Crimson Red Black Diamond come in a vibrant crimson red blooms with bright yellow centers which offset the intense hues of the dark leaves. Crape myrtle is ideally suited for community plantings since it is long-lived, withstands droughts after becoming established, and is relatively free of disease and insect difficulties. When planting a row of crape myrtles to form a privacy screen, it is recommended that you leave at least three feet between your property line and the fence; larger types of crape myrtles should be planted five feet away. Grow outdoors year-round in hardiness zone. The Garnet Queen Crape Myrtle belongs to the Lagerstroemia indica family and is a medium to large-sized tree that can reach up to 20-25 feet tall when grown in ideal conditions. 95. The crinkly, white, pink or purple flowers are produced from summer to autumn in. Smooth, colorful peeling bark adds year-round interest. When the flowers have faded, leaves give the tree another blast of. 3. , while flowers at the bottom of the photo were from varieties that will. As with all Crape Myrtles, the more you prune them the bushier they will grow. Smooth, colorful peeling bark adds year-round interest. Avoid shearing the exterior tips of the crape myrtle shrub. Shipped in a 3 Gal. gardener@waynegov. Common name (s): 'Apalachee' crape myrtle. Commonly called the “lilac of the South,” the spelling of this tree is a litmus test of geographic origins. For more, see our in-depth guide to growing and caring for crape myrtles in your garden and the best deer resistant flowers and plants. ) in winter. There are other new cultivars (many developed by the USDA) available which are resistant to powdery mildew and aphids. ‘Christiana ’ (Carroll Gardens, Westminster, MD. Crape myrtle bushes are small plants, ideal for growing as foundation plantings or in containers. Some susceptibility to aphids and scale. Crapemyrtle. 95 Red Rocket® Crape Myrtle Tree $ 54. The Natural Look. It is a member of. Size: Crape myrtle come in many different sizes: dwarfs, semi-dwarfs and standard-size trees. Lagerstroemia, Crape Myrtle, Crepe Myrtle 'Christiana' Lagerstroemia indica : Lagerstroemia, Crape Myrtle, Crepe Myrtle 'Christmas Time' Lagerstroemia :. ) RENOVATING A POORLY PRUNED CRAPE MYRTLE: a) Let a “murdered” tree with large diameter trunks (1" caliper or more) grow out for a season, and in early the following Spring, select one, two or possibly three dominant branches per trunk to grow out over time. Crape myrtles have been the most popular summer-flowering shrubs in the South for the past 200 years.